These research papers have been presented at the Center's biannual training seminars as: 1) a requirement for further advancement in the judging program, 2) as a timely training presentation, or 3) as a public presentation of a personal research project. These papers appear, with the express permission of the authors, for your enjoyment. Copyrights and all rights are reserved to the authors. Please contact the authors for reprint permission through webmaster@orchidjudges.org